Comparison of respiratory and cardiac etiologies of adult cardiac arrest in emergency settings: A systematic review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65759/98gvmt29Keywords:
Adult cardiac arrest, respiratory etiology, cardiac etiology, emergency departmentAbstract
Background: Adult cardiac arrest (CA) in emergency department (ED) has different etiologies, mainly primary cardiac disease and respiratory failure. Etiology is important because rhythm profile, airway needs, post-resuscitation treatment, and survival differ between these groups. This systematic review compared respiratory and cardiac etiologies of adult CA in prehospital and ED settings. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane for adult CA studies reporting cause, setting, rhythm, resuscitation variables, or outcomes. Original studies were included in the results. Results: We found wide variation in etiologic reporting. Regional Arab studies mainly classified arrest as medical, presumed cardiac, or non-traumatic, while respiratory causes were less separated. The Saudi SOHAR registry was the clearest regional source reporting presumed cardiac and respiratory categories. International etiologic cohorts showed that respiratory failure formed a large subgroup in resuscitated patients and that presumed respiratory arrest differed from presumed CA in rhythm pattern and neurologic outcome. Conclusion: Cardiac etiologies dominate registry coding in emergency CA, while respiratory etiologies are hidden inside medical or non-cardiac categories. Future registries need clearer cause definitions, stronger airway-event documentation, standardized reporting of respiratory, traumatic, and other causes.
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